![]() ![]() Metacaspases, distant relatives of animal caspases (Vercammen et al, 2007 Tsiatsiani et al, 2011), are a class of cysteine-dependent proteases in plants, fungi and protozoa. However, plant protease substrates remain largely unexplored (Tsiatsiani et al, 2012). In animals, a number of secreted proteins are processed by proteolytic cleavage to release the active signaling peptide (Pimenta & Lebrun, 2007), and in plants, similar mechanisms are involved in peptide activation (Murphy et al, 2012).Īlmost 700 proteases (Tsiatsiani et al, 2012 Rawlings et al, 2014) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome have diverse functions and specificities ranging from the processing of signal peptides required for subcellular targeting to degradation of proteins (van der Hoorn, 2008). flg22, elf18) is recognized by their receptor (Altenbach & Robatzek, 2007 Boller & Felix, 2009). systemin, PEP1, CLAVATA) or only a short stretch of amino acids (aa) within the proteins (e.g. ![]() For the known plant extracellular ligand–receptor systems, the peptide ligands are either small (e.g. Nonetheless, only a few peptide–receptor interactions have so far been identified (Butenko et al, 2009). This suggests a large number of potential ligand–receptor interactions providing a complex network of extracellular signaling modules in plants (Boller & Felix, 2009). The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes several hundred secreted proteins (Butenko et al, 2009 Murphy et al, 2012) and more than 400 membrane-spanning receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) (Shiu & Bleecker, 2003). In the immune response, plants also recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microbial origin (Boller & Felix, 2009). Plant-encoded extracellular peptides and proteins are important components for developmental and stress response regulators (Boller & Felix, 2009 Butenko et al, 2009). Recognition of extracellular signals is central for plant development and survival.
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